Understanding The Global Health Emergency Of The Mpox Virus

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a viral infection caused by the Mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, including the variola virus responsible for smallpox. The disease is zoonotic, meaning it primarily spreads from animals to humans, though human-to-human transmission is also a significant concern.

WHO's Declaration of a Global Health Emergency

On August 14, 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Mpox a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" (PHEIC) for the second time within two years. This decision was in response to the rapid spread of a new, more transmissible variant (clade Ib) primarily spread through close contact, including sexual interactions. The declaration calls for accelerated research, funding, and global cooperation, particularly in regions like Africa where healthcare systems are overwhelmed.

Global Trends (August 2024)

As of August 2024, more than 14,000 cases and 524 deaths have been reported across Africa, with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) being the most affected. The new variant has spread to at least 13 African countries and other regions, though global data beyond Africa is not fully documented. In India, no deaths are confirmed by government of India /health authorities.

Also Check: What Is Monkeypox Virus? Know More About The Deadly Disease

Transmission of Mpox Virus

The Mpox virus can spread through several routes:

1. Direct Contact: Skin lesions, bodily fluids, or mucosal surfaces of infected individuals.
2. Respiratory Droplets: Prolonged face-to-face interactions.
3. Contaminated Objects: Items like bedding, towels, or clothing.
4. Animal-to-Human Transmission: Handling or being bitten by infected animals in endemic regions.
5. Sexual Contact: Particularly through close physical interactions.

Symptoms of Mpox

Early symptoms may include:

• Fever
• Rashes (may appear after 3 day or later)
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Backache
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Chills
• Exhaustion

After the onset of fever, a rash typically appears, progressing through stages from flat spots to scabs.

Diagnosis of Mpox

Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and laboratory testing:

• PCR Testing
• Virus Isolation
• Serological Tests (Detect antibodies but may cross-react with other Orthopoxviruses.)

Is Monkeypox Fatal?

Mpox is generally not fatal, with most cases being mild and self-limiting. In regions with limited healthcare access, such as parts of Africa, higher mortality rates have been reported. The current fatality rate ranges between 1% to 10%, depending on the strain and region.

Will the Monsoon Worsen the Mpox Situation in India if There is an Outbreak?

Monsoon seasons, with increased humidity and crowding in shelters due to flooding, could potentially worsen the situation if a Mpox outbreak occurs in India. High humidity may prolong the survival of the virus on surfaces, and close contact in crowded settings can facilitate transmission. Additionally, limited healthcare access during monsoon-related disruptions can challenge effective disease control and response.

Also Check: Is The Monsoon Messing With Your Gut?

Who is at the Highest Risk of Getting Mpox?

The highest risk groups for Mpox include:

1. Healthcare Workers: Due to direct exposure to infected individuals.
2. Close Contacts: People who have close, prolonged contact with infected individuals, including sexual partners.
3. Individuals in Endemic Regions: Particularly those who handle or interact with animals carrying the virus.
4. Immunocompromised Individuals: Such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or other immune-suppressing conditions.
5. Children and Pregnant Women: These groups are more susceptible to severe disease.

Is There a Vaccine Against Mpox?

Yes, though no vaccine is specifically developed for Mpox, existing smallpox vaccines have shown effectiveness. Vaccinia-based vaccines, like ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS (pending/ under research )are available. These vaccines are particularly recommended for high-risk groups, including healthcare workers and those who have been in contact with confirmed cases. So far, no guidelines have been issued by government of India.

Treatment and Management

There is no specific treatment approved for Mpox. Management primarily involves supportive care, though some antiviral treatments and vaccines developed for smallpox are being researched:

1. Supportive Care: Hydration, pain management, and treating secondary infections.
2. Antiviral Treatments (Under Research): Tecovirimat (TPOXX), Cidofovir, and Brincidofovir.
3. Vaccination (Under Research): Vaccinia-based vaccines like ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS.

Prevention Strategies

• Vaccination (Under Research): For high-risk individuals.
• Isolation: Infected individuals should be isolated to prevent further spread.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Proper use in healthcare and community settings.
• Public Health Measures: Surveillance, contact tracing, and public education.
• Personal Hygiene: Regular bathing, cleaning, and avoiding contact with contaminated surfaces.
• Hand Hygiene: Frequent handwashing with soap and water or using hand sanitizers.
• Social Distancing: Maintaining physical distance from others, especially in crowded or high-risk areas.

Conclusion

Mpox is a rare but potentially serious viral infection, primarily managed with supportive care. Recently, Mpox has been appearing in places outside its usual regions, making it important for global health systems to stay alert and respond quickly. There is no specific treatment approved yet, but research is ongoing into vaccines and medicines that could help prevent and manage the disease better. To stop Mpox from spreading and protect global health, international cooperation and quick public health actions are essential.